Historical African Languages Database (HALD)

Dictionnaire Swahili-Français (1939)

This dictionary, compiled by French Catholic missionary Charles Sacleaux, includes word variations from many Swahili dialects.

Portrait of a bearded man

Figure 1. Charles Sacleux

Brief Notes on Language

Kiswahili is the most widely spoken African language, with between 150 and 200 million speakers worldwide. Most missionary lexicographers in East Africa learned Kiswahili first and then used it as a model for documenting other Bantu languages in the region. It has over a dozen dialects, grouped broadly into Northern Kiswahili (Zanzibar and northward) and the more variegated Southern Kiswahili (south of Zanzibar). Kishaba is the most prevalent dialect in the eastern Democratice Republic of Congo. Kiswahili is part of the Northest Coast Bantu Group of languages and the Sabaki subgroup.

Kiswahil is referenced as:

SWH in Ethnologue (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/swh/)

G.41-.43 Swahili, Kiswahili in Maho’s updated Guthrie Classification Codes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili

Language Sources

Sacleux arrived in Zanzibar in 1879 and was assigned to Bagamoyo. He spent twenty years travelling throughout the East African Coast collecting linguistic data and botanical specimens. In addition to including information about most Kiswahili dialects, he collected enough ShiComorian words to compile a Comorian dictionary. He included extensive references to words loaned to or from related langages as well as Arabic, as indicated by the abbreviations chart below.

Editorial Notes

Research on Sacleux's editorial process and African associates is ongoing.

Type of Language Resource

This dictionary provides comprehensive documentation of multiple Kiswahili dialects, etymological analysis, notes on phonology, grammar, usage,ethnographic notes, and sample sentences.

ENTRY TEMPLATE

[symbol] [Headword{, {symbol} alternate Headword}] [(note) {(punctuation)}] [part of speech abbreviation] [translation] [note] [related word] [related word translation] [sample phrase] [sample phrase translation] [{abbreviation of other language} {translation of headword into another language}] [symbol] [-child word{, alternate child word}] [{= Related word}] [part of speech abbreviation] [translation] [sample phrase] [sample phrase translation]

 
ItemFormattingNotesDatabase correspondant
1.symbol See chart 3Headword
2.headwordBold Headword
3.(Note)  Notes (at headword level)
4.Part of speech abbreviation See chart 2Part of speech
5.Translation In parenthesis, followed by punctuation. Definition
6.note  Definition
7.Related worditalicized Related
8.Related word translation  Related
9.Sample phraseitalicized Example
10.Sample phrase translation  Translation of example
11.Abbreviation of another language See chart 2 
12.Translation of headword into another language  Alternate headword
13.Symbol  See chart 3Alternate headword
14.-child worditalicizedOn it's own line, indentedHeadword, parent ID is attached
15.= related worditalicized Related
16.Part of speech abbreviations See chart 2Part of speech
17.translation  Definition
18.Sample phraseitalicized Example
19.Sample phrase translation  Translation of example

Figure 2 Template notes

Minimal Examples

Bakša v. bahaša.

Bakšiši = bahšiši..

Maximal Examples

Balãnga inv. ou ma-. (Mr. Z. = H. P. DN. mbalãnga), tache blanche de fausse lèpre, généralement confinée aux mains et aux pieds; se dit aussi de la tache blanche qui apparaît à travers le poil sur la peau du cheval ou de l’âne; au plur. Mabalãnga fausse lèpre blanche, vitiligo, leucodermie partielle. Ana mab., il a des taches de vitiligo, ya mikono na miguu, aux mains et aux pieds. B. ndiyo mtoto wa ukoma. — Cf. kwãnga. — R. Ba de WAA << tache >>, + lãnga pour -ÃNGAA << luire >>. Cf. Yao: mawaldnga = Swah. mbalãnga.

Abeden. . Toujours. N’est guère us. qu’au sens de << jamais >>, avec une negation expriniée ou sous-entendue. A. hukutaka kunisikiliza, tu n’a jamais voulu m’écouter. Aph.: Mwana-mke a. harizi, une femme n’est jamais satisfaite. Ar. [Arab translation] abadan, toujours. [Arab translation] abada, durer.

-Agaa (Mr. T.). n. S’éparpiller. Kunde zimèa. čini, les haricots sont éparpillés à terre. —R. -AGA2. -agalia d. -agalika n. -agaza int.

(child of headword †-Ahiri, -Axiri) †-ahiri, axiri = aheri I. H. musimu à la fin de la mousson du Nord. Aph. G. : K’uku kuuka kisima, ni axiri ya zamani, une poule franchir un puits, c’est la fin des temps (Hãnga-mayi).

(child of headword -Aka, -waka) -akiša, -wakiša c. X p.

Abbreviations

We have often expanded abbreviations in the database. However, users consulting the images may find the abbreviations table below helpful.

AbbreviationExpanded FrenchEnglish equivalent
a.ActifActive
abrév.Abréviationabbreviation
absol.Absolumentabsolutely
adj.Adjectifadjective
adjectiv.Adjectivementadjectivally
adv.Adverbeadverb
adverbial.adverbialementadverbially
All.AllemandGerman
Amki-Amu, dial. de Lamouki-Amu, dialect of Lamu
Ang.AnglaisEnglish
Aph.Aphorismeaphorism
Ar.ArabeArabic
arch.Archaïque, archaïsmearchaic, archaism
augm.augmentatifaugmentative
au pr.Au propreliterally
B.ki-Banadiri, s. -dial. du Bénadirki-Banadiri, subdialect of Benadir
Bangi.BangiBangi
Bél.BéloutchiBaluchi
Bemba.BembaBemba
Beng.BengaliBengali
B.-K.Bas-KongoKongo Central
Bo.Bondé (ki-Bõnde)Bondé (ki-Bõnde)
c. ou caus.causatif.causative
c.-à-d.C'est-à-direnamely, in other words
cf.Conferconfer, compare
coll.Collectifcollective
com.Commercecommerce
conj.conjonctionconjunction
Č.ki-Čāngamwe, s. -dial. de Čāngamwe, sur le continent au delà du viaduct reliant l'île de Mombasa à la Grande Terreki-Čāngamwe, subdialect of Čāngamwe, on the continent beyond the viaduct connecting the island of Mombosa to the mainland
Čaga.Čaga (ki-Čaga)Čaga (ki-Čaga)
D. ou Dial.Dialectedialect
d.directifdirective
dém.Démonstratifdemonstrative
désin.Désinenceinflection
dim.diminutifdiminutive
DN.Dialects du Nord, de Gasi à l'équateur, comprend trois Dial. Mv., Am. G., et plusieurs s.-dial. dont les plus importants sont Č., Dy., Mal., Š., Pa., S., B.Dialects of the North, from Gasi to the equator, including three dialects Mv., Am. G., and several subdialects of which the most important are C., Dy., Mal., S., Pa., S., B.
DO. Dialects orientaux par opposition à Ngw.Eastern dialects in contrast to Ngw.
DS. Dialects du Sud, du Gasi au Mozambique: comprend outre le Mr. et son S.-d. le Mg., les Dial. P. Z. H. T. et généralement aussi le Ngaz. I.Southern dialects, from Gasi to Mozambique: including besides Mr. and its subdialect Mg., the dialects P. Z. H. T. and generally also Ngaz. I.
Dy. ki-Dyõmwu, s.-dial. de Dyõmwu, sur le continent en face de MombasaKijomvu, subdialect of Jomvu, on the mainland across from Mombosa
 
emph.Emphatiqueemphatic
en gén.En généralin general
épist.Épistolaireepistolary
étym.étymologiqueetymological
euph.Euphémismeeuphemism
fig.Figuréfigurative
Fr.Français French
fréq.Fréquentatiffrequentative
g.genre

- g. p. (ou pers.)
genre personnel.
-g. sp. genre specificatif.
- g. abstr. genre abstrait.
- g. extr. genre extractif.
-g. c. genre commun.
- g. n. genre noble.
- g. m. (ou mod.) genre modal.
- g. l. (ou loc.)
genre locatif.

Gender

g.p. (or g. pers.) = personal gender
g. sp. = specificative gender
g. abstr. = abstract gender
g. extr. = extractive gender
g. c. = common gender
g. n. = noble gender
g. m. (or g. mod.) = modal gender
g. l. (or g. loc.) = locative gender
G. ki-Gunya ou i-Ti-kuu, dial. parlé dans l'île Rasini et sur la côte d'en face jusqu'à I'équateur.ki-Gunya or ki-Ti-kuu, dialect spoken on the island of Rasini and on the opposite coast until the equator
Gal.GallaGalla
Gir.GiriamaGiriama
Gr.GrammaireGrammar
Guz.GuzaratiGuzarati
H.ki-Hadimu, dial. des wa-Hadimu, ouest et sud de l'île de Zanzibarki-Hadimu, dialect of wa-Hadimu, west and south of the island of Zanzibar
Hind.HindoustaniHindustani (Hindi-Urdu)
id.Idemidem (citing a work already mentioned)
impers.Impersonnelimpersonal
inf.Infixeinfix
int.Intensifintensive
interj.Interjectioninterjection
inus.Inusitéunused
inv.Invariable. Tout substantif non précédé d'un préfixe est considéré comme invariable, si le pluriel n'est pas indiqué. Les adjectifs non précédés d'un - sont invariablesInvariable. Every noun without a prefix is considered invariable, if the plural isn't indicated. Adjectives without a preceding hyphen are invariable.
Kag.Kagourou (ki-Kaguru)Kagourou (ki-Kaguru)
Kamba.Kamba (ki-Kāmba)Kamba (ki-Kāmba)
Kami.Kami (ki-Kami)Kami (ki-Kami)
Kik.Kikouyou (ki-Kuyu)Kikouyou (ki-Kuyu)
Konk.KonkaniKonkani
Kw.Kwéré (ki-Kwere)Kwéré (ki-Kwere)
litt.littéralementliterally
loc.Locutionexpression
Mak.Makoua (ki-Makua)Makoua (ki-Makua)
Mal.ki-Malindi, s.-dial. de Malindi (Mélinde)ki-Malindi, subdialect of Malindi (Mélinde)
Malg.MalgacheMalagasy
Mar.MarineMarina
Mas.MasayMasay
Mg.ki-Mgao, s.-dial. de Mgao, parlé du Rufidyi au Mozambique: centre principal Kilwaki-Mgao, subdialect of Mgao, spoken from Rufidyi to Mozambique: principal center Kilwa
Mr.ki-Mrima, dial. parlé de Vānga au Rufidyiki-Mrima, dialect spoken from Vānga to Rufidyi
Mr. du N.ki-Mrima du Nord, s.-dial. parlé de Pāngani à Vānga: centre principal TāngaNorthern ki-Mrima, subdialect spoken from Pāngani to Vānga: principal center Tānga
Mr. du S.ki-Mrima du Sud, s.-dial. parlé de Pāngani au RufidyiSouthern ki-Mrima, subdialect spoken from Pāngani to Rufidyi
Mv.ki-Mvita, dial. du Mombasa, parlé de Gasi jusqu'au delà de Kilifiki-Mvita, dialect of Mombosa, spoken from Gasi to beyond Kilifi
n.Neutreneuter
n. pr.Nom propreProper noun
neutral.Neutralementneutrally
Ng.ki-Ngozi, dial. poétique, libre et visant à l'archaïsmeki-Ngozi, poetic dialect, free and tending towards archaism.
Ngala.Ngala du CongoCongo Ngala
Ngaz. 1. ki-Ngazidya, dial. de la Grande Comoreki-Ngazidya, dialect of Grande Comore
Ngaz. 2.Annonce quelques termes appartenant au vocabulaire du ši-Ngazidya, idiome populaire parlé principalement dans les campagnes de l'île. Bien que n'appartenant pas au Swahili, ces citations marquent ordinairement une étape intéressante d'èvolution phonétique Indicates some terms belonging to the vocabulary of ši-Ngazidya, popular variety spoken principally in the countryside of the island. Although it's not included within Swahili, these notes usually indicate an interesting step in sound change.
Ngindo. Ngindo (ki-Ngindo)Ngindo (ki-Ngindo)
Ngoni. Ngoni (ki-Ngoni)Ngoni (ki-Ngoni)
Ngw.ki-Ngwana, dial. de l'Afrique centrale (Congo Belge, Tanganyika, etc)ki-Ngwana, dialect of Central Africa (Belgian Congo, Tanganyika, etc)
 
Ny.Nyasa (ki-Nyandžya)Nyasa (ki-Nyandžya)
Nyam.Nyamwézi (ki-Nyamwezi)Nyamwézi (ki-Nyamwezi)
Nyika.Nyika (ki-Nyika)Nyika (ki-Nyika)
Nz. 1.ki-Nzvani, dial. d'Anjouan. ki-Nzvani, dialect of Anjouan
Nz. 2.Ši-Nvani, idiome populaire d'Anjouan. Le Ši-Nvani est un dialecte du ši-NgazidyaŠi-Nvani, popular variety of Anjouan. Ši-Nvani is a dialect of ši-Ngazidya
obsc.Obscèneobscene
onom.Onomatopéeonomatopoeia
P.ki-Pẽmba (kyi-Pẽmba), dial. de l'île de Pembaki-Pẽmba (kyi-Pẽmba), dialect of the island of Pemba
p (ou pas.).Passifpassive
Pa.ki-Pate, s.-dial. de Pate, dans l'île de Rasiniki-Pate, subdialect of Pate, on the island of Rasini
par ext.Par extensionBy extension
part.participeparticiple
pers.Personnelpersonal
Pers.PersanPersian
pl. (ou plur.). Plurielplural
poét.Poétiquepoetic
Pok.Pokomo (ki-Pokomo)Pokomo (ki-Pokomo)
Port.PortugaisPortuguese
poss.Possessifpossessive
pot.potentielpotential
préc.précédentpreceding
préf.Préfixeprefix
prép.prépositionpreposition
pron.Pronompronoun
Prov.Proverbeproverb
qqch.Quelque chosesomething
qqn.Quelqu'unsomeone
R.Racineroot
r.Réciproquereciprocal
rarem.Rarementrarely
rédupl.Réduplicatifreduplicative
réfl.Réflechireflexive
rév.réversifreversive
S.ki-Siyu, s.-dial. de Siyu, dans l'île de Rasiniki-Siyu, subdialect of Siyu, on the island of Rasini
s., sg. (ou sing.)Singuliersingular
s. (ou subst.)Substantifnoun
s.-dial.Sous-dialectesubdialect
s.-ent.Sous-entenduimplied
Sag.Sagara (ki-Sagara)Sagara (ki-Sagara)
Samb.Sambara (ki-Sambara)Sambara (ki-Sambara)
Som.SomaliSomali
sp.spécial, spécialementSpecial, specially
suff.Suffixesuffix
suiv.SuivantFollowing, next
superl.superlatifsuperlative
Swah., Sw.Swahili Swahili
Syn.Synonymesynonym
Š. ki-Šela, s.-dial. de Šela, petite ville de au sud de Lamouki-Šela, subdialect of Šela, small town south of Lamu
T.ki-Tumbatu, s.-dial. de l'îlot Tumbatu et du Nord de l'île de Zanzibarki-Tumbatu, subdialect of the small island Tumbatu and of the Northern part of the island of Zanzibar
t.Termeterm
TD.Tous dialectsAll dialects
Tèita.Tèita (ki- Tèita)Tèita (ki- Tèita)
Tshwana.TshwanaTshwana
Turc.TurcTurkish
us.UsitéUsed (frequent, common)
V.VoyezSee
v.verbeverb
Va.ki-Vānga ou ki-Vumba, dial. parlé par quelques familles dans l'îlot de Wasini et sur la rivière Vumba, derrière la ville de Vāngaki-Vānga or ki-Vumba, dialect spoken by some families on the small island of Wasini and on the river Vumba, behind the city of Vānga
Yao.Yao (ki-Yao)Yao (ki-Yao)
Z.ki-Ungudya, dial. de Zanzibarki-Ungudya, dialect of Zanzibar
Zar.Zaramo (ki-Zaramo)Zaramo (ki-Zaramo)
Zig.Zigoua (ki-Zigua)Zigoua (ki-Zigua)
Zoul.ZoulouZulu

Symbols

Sacleux regularly appends symbols to the beginning of entries. This table summarizes the meanings of each symbol.
-Outre son usage pour séparer les éléments d'un mot composé, sert encore: 1º au commencement ou à la fin d'un thème pour marquer la place que doit occuper son affixe; 2º dans le corps d'un mot, pour séparer un affixe du radical ou d'un autre affixeBesides its use for separating the parts of a compound word, also serves: 1st at the beginning or end of an item to mark the place that its affix occupies; 2nd in the body of a word, to separate an affix from the root or from another affix
Moins. ex. -ALIKA (TD. — G.) signifie que -alika se dit partout, moins en ki-Gunya et ses sous-dialectesLess. Ex. -ALIKA (TD. — G.) means that -alika is said everywhere except in ki-Gunya and its subdialects.
Précédant le mot sujet d'un article, indique un terme inusité, le plus souvent étrangerBefore a headword, indicates a rarely used term, usually foreign (If an entry has this symbol, put "uncommon" in the Notes field)
*Devant un mot, indique une forme archaïque reconstituéeBefore a word, indicates a reconstructed archaic form
()Enfermant un affixe, indique une forme à employer devant voyelle: par ex. m-(mw-), préfixe m- devant consonne, mw- devant voyelle. () enfermant un mot français, indique un mot suppléé, dans la traductionEnclosing an affix, indicates a form employed before a vowel: for ex. m-(mw-), prefix m- before a consonant, mw- before a vowel. () enclosing a French word indicates a replaced word in the translation
||Principale division d'un article, équivaut à un alinéaPrincipal division of an entry, equivalent to an indentation
+Sépare une forme secondaire, comme la forme réfléchie et la forme passive dans les verbesSeparates a secondary form, like the reflexive form and the passive form of verbs
Annonce le ou les dérivés du mot principal Indicates the derivation(s) of a main word

Bantu Noun Class Treatment

Sacluex does not number any of the nouns; instead he gives an indication of the appropriate plural prefix which can be used to infer the class of nouns.

HALD Bantu Noun Class Table

The following chart adapts the dictionary treatment of noun classes to HALD’s standardized chart. A capitalized N in this chart represents a nasal prefix, which usually presents as /n/ but may also present as /ŋ/,/mb/, or /ny/.

ClassMarkerNumber
1m-, mw-Singular of 2
2wa-, w-Plural of 1
3m-, mw-Singular of 4
4mi-Plural of 3
5ji-/ØSingular of 6
6ma-Plural of 5, 15
7ki-, ch-Singular of 8
8vi-, vy-Plural of 7
9N-Singular of 10
10N-Plural of 9, 11
11u-Singular, no plural
12 Singular of 14
13 Both singular and plural
14u-Plural of 12
15ku-Singular of 6
16poLocative
17koLocative
18moLocative
19  
20 Singular of 22
21  
22 Plural of 20
23  
24  
25 Locative