This dictionary, compiled by French Catholic missionary Charles Sacleaux, includes word variations from many Swahili dialects.
Figure 1. Charles Sacleux
Kiswahili is the most widely spoken African language, with between 150 and 200 million speakers worldwide. Most missionary lexicographers in East Africa learned Kiswahili first and then used it as a model for documenting other Bantu languages in the region. It has over a dozen dialects, grouped broadly into Northern Kiswahili (Zanzibar and northward) and the more variegated Southern Kiswahili (south of Zanzibar). Kishaba is the most prevalent dialect in the eastern Democratice Republic of Congo. Kiswahili is part of the Northest Coast Bantu Group of languages and the Sabaki subgroup.
Kiswahil is referenced as:
SWH in Ethnologue (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/swh/)
G.41-.43 Swahili, Kiswahili in Maho’s updated Guthrie Classification Codes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili
Sacleux arrived in Zanzibar in 1879 and was assigned to Bagamoyo. He spent twenty years travelling throughout the East African Coast collecting linguistic data and botanical specimens. In addition to including information about most Kiswahili dialects, he collected enough ShiComorian words to compile a Comorian dictionary. He included extensive references to words loaned to or from related langages as well as Arabic, as indicated by the abbreviations chart below.
Research on Sacleux's editorial process and African associates is ongoing.
[symbol] [Headword{, {symbol} alternate Headword}] [(note) {(punctuation)}] [part of speech abbreviation] [translation] [note] [related word] [related word translation] [sample phrase] [sample phrase translation] [{abbreviation of other language} {translation of headword into another language}] [symbol] [-child word{, alternate child word}] [{= Related word}] [part of speech abbreviation] [translation] [sample phrase] [sample phrase translation]
| Item | Formatting | Notes | Database correspondant | |
| 1. | symbol | See chart 3 | Headword | |
| 2. | headword | Bold | Headword | |
| 3. | (Note) | Notes (at headword level) | ||
| 4. | Part of speech abbreviation | See chart 2 | Part of speech | |
| 5. | Translation | In parenthesis, followed by punctuation. | Definition | |
| 6. | note | Definition | ||
| 7. | Related word | italicized | Related | |
| 8. | Related word translation | Related | ||
| 9. | Sample phrase | italicized | Example | |
| 10. | Sample phrase translation | Translation of example | ||
| 11. | Abbreviation of another language | See chart 2 | ||
| 12. | Translation of headword into another language | Alternate headword | ||
| 13. | Symbol | See chart 3 | Alternate headword | |
| 14. | -child word | italicized | On it's own line, indented | Headword, parent ID is attached |
| 15. | = related word | italicized | Related | |
| 16. | Part of speech abbreviations | See chart 2 | Part of speech | |
| 17. | translation | Definition | ||
| 18. | Sample phrase | italicized | Example | |
| 19. | Sample phrase translation | Translation of example |
Figure 2 Template notes
Bakša v. bahaša.
Bakšiši = bahšiši..
Balãnga inv. ou ma-. (Mr. Z. = H. P. DN. mbalãnga), tache blanche de fausse lèpre, généralement confinée aux mains et aux pieds; se dit aussi de la tache blanche qui apparaît à travers le poil sur la peau du cheval ou de l’âne; au plur. Mabalãnga fausse lèpre blanche, vitiligo, leucodermie partielle. Ana mab., il a des taches de vitiligo, ya mikono na miguu, aux mains et aux pieds. B. ndiyo mtoto wa ukoma. — Cf. kwãnga. — R. Ba de WAA << tache >>, + lãnga pour -ÃNGAA << luire >>. Cf. Yao: mawaldnga = Swah. mbalãnga.
†Abeden. . Toujours. N’est guère us. qu’au sens de << jamais >>, avec une negation expriniée ou sous-entendue. A. hukutaka kunisikiliza, tu n’a jamais voulu m’écouter. Aph.: Mwana-mke a. harizi, une femme n’est jamais satisfaite. Ar. [Arab translation] abadan, toujours. [Arab translation] abada, durer.
-Agaa (Mr. T.). n. S’éparpiller. Kunde zimèa. čini, les haricots sont éparpillés à terre. —R. -AGA2. -agalia d. -agalika n. -agaza int.
(child of headword †-Ahiri, -Axiri) †-ahiri, axiri = aheri I. H. musimu à la fin de la mousson du Nord. Aph. G. : K’uku kuuka kisima, ni axiri ya zamani, une poule franchir un puits, c’est la fin des temps (Hãnga-mayi).
(child of headword -Aka, -waka) -akiša, -wakiša c. X p.
We have often expanded abbreviations in the database. However, users consulting the images may find the abbreviations table below helpful.
| Abbreviation | Expanded French | English equivalent | |
| a. | Actif | Active | |
| abrév. | Abréviation | abbreviation | |
| absol. | Absolument | absolutely | |
| adj. | Adjectif | adjective | |
| adjectiv. | Adjectivement | adjectivally | |
| adv. | Adverbe | adverb | |
| adverbial. | adverbialement | adverbially | |
| All. | Allemand | German | |
| Am | ki-Amu, dial. de Lamou | ki-Amu, dialect of Lamu | |
| Ang. | Anglais | English | |
| Aph. | Aphorisme | aphorism | |
| Ar. | Arabe | Arabic | |
| arch. | Archaïque, archaïsme | archaic, archaism | |
| augm. | augmentatif | augmentative | |
| au pr. | Au propre | literally | |
| B. | ki-Banadiri, s. -dial. du Bénadir | ki-Banadiri, subdialect of Benadir | |
| Bangi. | Bangi | Bangi | |
| Bél. | Béloutchi | Baluchi | |
| Bemba. | Bemba | Bemba | |
| Beng. | Bengali | Bengali | |
| B.-K. | Bas-Kongo | Kongo Central | |
| Bo. | Bondé (ki-Bõnde) | Bondé (ki-Bõnde) | |
| c. ou caus. | causatif. | causative | |
| c.-à-d. | C'est-à-dire | namely, in other words | |
| cf. | Confer | confer, compare | |
| coll. | Collectif | collective | |
| com. | Commerce | commerce | |
| conj. | conjonction | conjunction | |
| Č. | ki-Čāngamwe, s. -dial. de Čāngamwe, sur le continent au delà du viaduct reliant l'île de Mombasa à la Grande Terre | ki-Čāngamwe, subdialect of Čāngamwe, on the continent beyond the viaduct connecting the island of Mombosa to the mainland | |
| Čaga. | Čaga (ki-Čaga) | Čaga (ki-Čaga) | |
| D. ou Dial. | Dialecte | dialect | |
| d. | directif | directive | |
| dém. | Démonstratif | demonstrative | |
| désin. | Désinence | inflection | |
| dim. | diminutif | diminutive | |
| DN. | Dialects du Nord, de Gasi à l'équateur, comprend trois Dial. Mv., Am. G., et plusieurs s.-dial. dont les plus importants sont Č., Dy., Mal., Š., Pa., S., B. | Dialects of the North, from Gasi to the equator, including three dialects Mv., Am. G., and several subdialects of which the most important are C., Dy., Mal., S., Pa., S., B. | |
| DO. | Dialects orientaux par opposition à Ngw. | Eastern dialects in contrast to Ngw. | |
| DS. | Dialects du Sud, du Gasi au Mozambique: comprend outre le Mr. et son S.-d. le Mg., les Dial. P. Z. H. T. et généralement aussi le Ngaz. I. | Southern dialects, from Gasi to Mozambique: including besides Mr. and its subdialect Mg., the dialects P. Z. H. T. and generally also Ngaz. I. | |
| Dy. | ki-Dyõmwu, s.-dial. de Dyõmwu, sur le continent en face de Mombasa | Kijomvu, subdialect of Jomvu, on the mainland across from Mombosa | |
| emph. | Emphatique | emphatic | |
| en gén. | En général | in general | |
| épist. | Épistolaire | epistolary | |
| étym. | étymologique | etymological | |
| euph. | Euphémisme | euphemism | |
| fig. | Figuré | figurative | |
| Fr. | Français | French | |
| fréq. | Fréquentatif | frequentative | |
| g. | genre - g. p. (ou pers.) |
Gender g.p. (or g. pers.) = personal gender g. sp. = specificative gender g. abstr. = abstract gender g. extr. = extractive gender g. c. = common gender g. n. = noble gender g. m. (or g. mod.) = modal gender g. l. (or g. loc.) = locative gender | |
| G. | ki-Gunya ou i-Ti-kuu, dial. parlé dans l'île Rasini et sur la côte d'en face jusqu'à I'équateur. | ki-Gunya or ki-Ti-kuu, dialect spoken on the island of Rasini and on the opposite coast until the equator | |
| Gal. | Galla | Galla | |
| Gir. | Giriama | Giriama | |
| Gr. | Grammaire | Grammar | |
| Guz. | Guzarati | Guzarati | |
| H. | ki-Hadimu, dial. des wa-Hadimu, ouest et sud de l'île de Zanzibar | ki-Hadimu, dialect of wa-Hadimu, west and south of the island of Zanzibar | |
| Hind. | Hindoustani | Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) | |
| id. | Idem | idem (citing a work already mentioned) | |
| impers. | Impersonnel | impersonal | |
| inf. | Infixe | infix | |
| int. | Intensif | intensive | |
| interj. | Interjection | interjection | |
| inus. | Inusité | unused | |
| inv. | Invariable. Tout substantif non précédé d'un préfixe est considéré comme invariable, si le pluriel n'est pas indiqué. Les adjectifs non précédés d'un - sont invariables | Invariable. Every noun without a prefix is considered invariable, if the plural isn't indicated. Adjectives without a preceding hyphen are invariable. | |
| Kag. | Kagourou (ki-Kaguru) | Kagourou (ki-Kaguru) | |
| Kamba. | Kamba (ki-Kāmba) | Kamba (ki-Kāmba) | |
| Kami. | Kami (ki-Kami) | Kami (ki-Kami) | |
| Kik. | Kikouyou (ki-Kuyu) | Kikouyou (ki-Kuyu) | |
| Konk. | Konkani | Konkani | |
| Kw. | Kwéré (ki-Kwere) | Kwéré (ki-Kwere) | |
| litt. | littéralement | literally | |
| loc. | Locution | expression | |
| Mak. | Makoua (ki-Makua) | Makoua (ki-Makua) | |
| Mal. | ki-Malindi, s.-dial. de Malindi (Mélinde) | ki-Malindi, subdialect of Malindi (Mélinde) | |
| Malg. | Malgache | Malagasy | |
| Mar. | Marine | Marina | |
| Mas. | Masay | Masay | |
| Mg. | ki-Mgao, s.-dial. de Mgao, parlé du Rufidyi au Mozambique: centre principal Kilwa | ki-Mgao, subdialect of Mgao, spoken from Rufidyi to Mozambique: principal center Kilwa | |
| Mr. | ki-Mrima, dial. parlé de Vānga au Rufidyi | ki-Mrima, dialect spoken from Vānga to Rufidyi | |
| Mr. du N. | ki-Mrima du Nord, s.-dial. parlé de Pāngani à Vānga: centre principal Tānga | Northern ki-Mrima, subdialect spoken from Pāngani to Vānga: principal center Tānga | |
| Mr. du S. | ki-Mrima du Sud, s.-dial. parlé de Pāngani au Rufidyi | Southern ki-Mrima, subdialect spoken from Pāngani to Rufidyi | |
| Mv. | ki-Mvita, dial. du Mombasa, parlé de Gasi jusqu'au delà de Kilifi | ki-Mvita, dialect of Mombosa, spoken from Gasi to beyond Kilifi | |
| n. | Neutre | neuter | |
| n. pr. | Nom propre | Proper noun | |
| neutral. | Neutralement | neutrally | |
| Ng. | ki-Ngozi, dial. poétique, libre et visant à l'archaïsme | ki-Ngozi, poetic dialect, free and tending towards archaism. | |
| Ngala. | Ngala du Congo | Congo Ngala | |
| Ngaz. 1. | ki-Ngazidya, dial. de la Grande Comore | ki-Ngazidya, dialect of Grande Comore | |
| Ngaz. 2. | Annonce quelques termes appartenant au vocabulaire du ši-Ngazidya, idiome populaire parlé principalement dans les campagnes de l'île. Bien que n'appartenant pas au Swahili, ces citations marquent ordinairement une étape intéressante d'èvolution phonétique | Indicates some terms belonging to the vocabulary of ši-Ngazidya, popular variety spoken principally in the countryside of the island. Although it's not included within Swahili, these notes usually indicate an interesting step in sound change. | |
| Ngindo. | Ngindo (ki-Ngindo) | Ngindo (ki-Ngindo) | |
| Ngoni. | Ngoni (ki-Ngoni) | Ngoni (ki-Ngoni) | |
| Ngw. | ki-Ngwana, dial. de l'Afrique centrale (Congo Belge, Tanganyika, etc) | ki-Ngwana, dialect of Central Africa (Belgian Congo, Tanganyika, etc) | |
| Ny. | Nyasa (ki-Nyandžya) | Nyasa (ki-Nyandžya) | |
| Nyam. | Nyamwézi (ki-Nyamwezi) | Nyamwézi (ki-Nyamwezi) | |
| Nyika. | Nyika (ki-Nyika) | Nyika (ki-Nyika) | |
| Nz. 1. | ki-Nzvani, dial. d'Anjouan. | ki-Nzvani, dialect of Anjouan | |
| Nz. 2. | Ši-Nvani, idiome populaire d'Anjouan. Le Ši-Nvani est un dialecte du ši-Ngazidya | Ši-Nvani, popular variety of Anjouan. Ši-Nvani is a dialect of ši-Ngazidya | |
| obsc. | Obscène | obscene | |
| onom. | Onomatopée | onomatopoeia | |
| P. | ki-Pẽmba (kyi-Pẽmba), dial. de l'île de Pemba | ki-Pẽmba (kyi-Pẽmba), dialect of the island of Pemba | |
| p (ou pas.). | Passif | passive | |
| Pa. | ki-Pate, s.-dial. de Pate, dans l'île de Rasini | ki-Pate, subdialect of Pate, on the island of Rasini | |
| par ext. | Par extension | By extension | |
| part. | participe | participle | |
| pers. | Personnel | personal | |
| Pers. | Persan | Persian | |
| pl. (ou plur.). | Pluriel | plural | |
| poét. | Poétique | poetic | |
| Pok. | Pokomo (ki-Pokomo) | Pokomo (ki-Pokomo) | |
| Port. | Portugais | Portuguese | |
| poss. | Possessif | possessive | |
| pot. | potentiel | potential | |
| préc. | précédent | preceding | |
| préf. | Préfixe | prefix | |
| prép. | préposition | preposition | |
| pron. | Pronom | pronoun | |
| Prov. | Proverbe | proverb | |
| qqch. | Quelque chose | something | |
| qqn. | Quelqu'un | someone | |
| R. | Racine | root | |
| r. | Réciproque | reciprocal | |
| rarem. | Rarement | rarely | |
| rédupl. | Réduplicatif | reduplicative | |
| réfl. | Réflechi | reflexive | |
| rév. | réversif | reversive | |
| S. | ki-Siyu, s.-dial. de Siyu, dans l'île de Rasini | ki-Siyu, subdialect of Siyu, on the island of Rasini | |
| s., sg. (ou sing.) | Singulier | singular | |
| s. (ou subst.) | Substantif | noun | |
| s.-dial. | Sous-dialecte | subdialect | |
| s.-ent. | Sous-entendu | implied | |
| Sag. | Sagara (ki-Sagara) | Sagara (ki-Sagara) | |
| Samb. | Sambara (ki-Sambara) | Sambara (ki-Sambara) | |
| Som. | Somali | Somali | |
| sp. | spécial, spécialement | Special, specially | |
| suff. | Suffixe | suffix | |
| suiv. | Suivant | Following, next | |
| superl. | superlatif | superlative | |
| Swah., Sw. | Swahili | Swahili | |
| Syn. | Synonyme | synonym | |
| Š. | ki-Šela, s.-dial. de Šela, petite ville de au sud de Lamou | ki-Šela, subdialect of Šela, small town south of Lamu | |
| T. | ki-Tumbatu, s.-dial. de l'îlot Tumbatu et du Nord de l'île de Zanzibar | ki-Tumbatu, subdialect of the small island Tumbatu and of the Northern part of the island of Zanzibar | |
| t. | Terme | term | |
| TD. | Tous dialects | All dialects | |
| Tèita. | Tèita (ki- Tèita) | Tèita (ki- Tèita) | |
| Tshwana. | Tshwana | Tshwana | |
| Turc. | Turc | Turkish | |
| us. | Usité | Used (frequent, common) | |
| V. | Voyez | See | |
| v. | verbe | verb | |
| Va. | ki-Vānga ou ki-Vumba, dial. parlé par quelques familles dans l'îlot de Wasini et sur la rivière Vumba, derrière la ville de Vānga | ki-Vānga or ki-Vumba, dialect spoken by some families on the small island of Wasini and on the river Vumba, behind the city of Vānga | |
| Yao. | Yao (ki-Yao) | Yao (ki-Yao) | |
| Z. | ki-Ungudya, dial. de Zanzibar | ki-Ungudya, dialect of Zanzibar | |
| Zar. | Zaramo (ki-Zaramo) | Zaramo (ki-Zaramo) | |
| Zig. | Zigoua (ki-Zigua) | Zigoua (ki-Zigua) | |
| Zoul. | Zoulou | Zulu |
Sacleux regularly appends symbols to the beginning of entries. This table summarizes the meanings of each symbol.
| - | Outre son usage pour séparer les éléments d'un mot composé, sert encore: 1º au commencement ou à la fin d'un thème pour marquer la place que doit occuper son affixe; 2º dans le corps d'un mot, pour séparer un affixe du radical ou d'un autre affixe | Besides its use for separating the parts of a compound word, also serves: 1st at the beginning or end of an item to mark the place that its affix occupies; 2nd in the body of a word, to separate an affix from the root or from another affix |
| — | Moins. ex. -ALIKA (TD. — G.) signifie que -alika se dit partout, moins en ki-Gunya et ses sous-dialectes | Less. Ex. -ALIKA (TD. — G.) means that -alika is said everywhere except in ki-Gunya and its subdialects. |
| † | Précédant le mot sujet d'un article, indique un terme inusité, le plus souvent étranger | Before a headword, indicates a rarely used term, usually foreign (If an entry has this symbol, put "uncommon" in the Notes field) |
| * | Devant un mot, indique une forme archaïque reconstituée | Before a word, indicates a reconstructed archaic form |
| () | Enfermant un affixe, indique une forme à employer devant voyelle: par ex. m-(mw-), préfixe m- devant consonne, mw- devant voyelle. () enfermant un mot français, indique un mot suppléé, dans la traduction | Enclosing an affix, indicates a form employed before a vowel: for ex. m-(mw-), prefix m- before a consonant, mw- before a vowel. () enclosing a French word indicates a replaced word in the translation |
| || | Principale division d'un article, équivaut à un alinéa | Principal division of an entry, equivalent to an indentation |
| + | Sépare une forme secondaire, comme la forme réfléchie et la forme passive dans les verbes | Separates a secondary form, like the reflexive form and the passive form of verbs |
| ‡ | Annonce le ou les dérivés du mot principal | Indicates the derivation(s) of a main word |
Sacluex does not number any of the nouns; instead he gives an indication of the appropriate plural prefix which can be used to infer the class of nouns.
The following chart adapts the dictionary treatment of noun classes to HALD’s standardized chart. A capitalized N in this chart represents a nasal prefix, which usually presents as /n/ but may also present as /ŋ/,/mb/, or /ny/.
| Class | Marker | Number | |
| 1 | m-, mw- | Singular of 2 | |
| 2 | wa-, w- | Plural of 1 | |
| 3 | m-, mw- | Singular of 4 | |
| 4 | mi- | Plural of 3 | |
| 5 | ji-/Ø | Singular of 6 | |
| 6 | ma- | Plural of 5, 15 | |
| 7 | ki-, ch- | Singular of 8 | |
| 8 | vi-, vy- | Plural of 7 | |
| 9 | N- | Singular of 10 | |
| 10 | N- | Plural of 9, 11 | |
| 11 | u- | Singular, no plural | |
| 12 | Singular of 14 | ||
| 13 | Both singular and plural | ||
| 14 | u- | Plural of 12 | |
| 15 | ku- | Singular of 6 | |
| 16 | po | Locative | |
| 17 | ko | Locative | |
| 18 | mo | Locative | |
| 19 | |||
| 20 | Singular of 22 | ||
| 21 | |||
| 22 | Plural of 20 | ||
| 23 | |||
| 24 | |||
| 25 | Locative |